Summary: Research

Through our research we undertook we discovered a range of perceptions by the general public on what they thought of the visually impaired and their ability to be creative. By conducting a number interviews and surveys among the general public. Including certain significant people who were visually impaired or who had supported a visually impaired person in some method.

Our secondary research consisted of discovering the latest technology for the visually impaired, creative outlets for visionally impaired people, exhibitions that were targeting the visionally impaired and articles relating to visually impaired people. We also discovered photography blog, containing photos by a small group of visually impaired people. Through this blog each individual explained their process through capturing photos while being visually impaired. Though this information was insightful it was important that we got the general public’s perspective.

From the information taken through the surveys, we found some consistency. Often we found that short answers with no explanation became the responses. Though they others were direct, when asked to explain their answers they were unable to.

It also seemed like people where happy to attend and assist in the creation of the exhibit. They would also like to learn more and provide more accessibility to the vision impaired within the design and creative industry. They also have a lack of knowledge about their contributions to society, especially in the area of the vision impaired they have heard of, it was often a select few famous musicians: Andrea Bocelli, Stevie wonder and Jose Feliciano. Though know one didn’t even know of Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. An indigenous Australian musician who was born blind and has won various ARIA awards in 2008. We also received some comments where people discounted them from having any creative ability just because they are visually impaired.

Interviews we conducted were mainly targeting people who had some relation to a visually impaired person or who had a strong creative opinion. One interview was with an organiser of the Access Program at the NSW Art Gallery. Which gave an idea of how an exhibit for the visually impaired operated. Learning that visually impaired people enjoyed this and that this exhibition in Sydney had only been running for a year.

Also interviewed a curator, getting their opinion on our proposed exhibition which was very positive and had a strong belief that visually impaired talent should be greatly exposed in today’s society. As well as a member of a community based radio station who showed more support to our idea. We got in contact with a volunteer for the disabled surfers association, an association that aims to help liberate people living with disabilities as they enjoy themselves. Giving us an insight on some cool events that were happening for people with disabilities.

Attempting to get the perspective of a visually impaired person we interviewed Year 9 student who is blind in one eye. We learnt that she didn’t feel disadvantaged in creativity of any form. She informed us that one thing that people believe about blind people is that they live in darkness, she stated that “Blind people don’t live in darkness they may not be able to see colours and the beautiful things in this world but they see much deeper like personality which people that see can’t see.’

Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu – Born Blind Aboriginal Singer

Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (born 1970) is an indigenous Australian musician, who sings in the Yolngu language. He was born on Elcho Island, off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Australia about 350 miles from Darwin. He is from the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu and his mother from the Galpu nation. He was born blind, has never learned Braille and does not have a guide dog or use a white cane. Yunupingu speaks only a few words of English, and is said to be acutely shy.

He plays drums, keyboards, guitar (a right hand-strung guitar left-handed) and didgeridoo, but it is the clarity of his singing voice that has attracted rave reviews. He sings stories of his land in both languages (Gälpu, Gumatj or Djambarrpuynu, all Yolŋu Matha) and English. Formerly with Yothu Yindi, he is now with Saltwater Band.

In 2008 Yunupingu was nominated for four ARIA awards, winning the awards for Best World Music Album and Best Independent Release. He also won three Deadlys, winning for Artist of the Year, Album of the Year for Gurrumul and Single of the Year for “Gurrumul History (I Was Born Blind)”.

His first solo album, Gurrumul, debuted at #21 on the ARIA Charts and #1 on the independent chart. It also jumped to No. 1 on the iTunes Australia roots music chart in April 2008. It then unexpectedly reached No. 1 in the mainstream iTunes charts.Gurrumul peaked at #4 on the ARIA Charts. Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu’s friend Michael Hohnen produced the album and acts as his translator. Critics have heaped praise on the singer , describing his voice as having “transcendental beauty”. Sir Elton John, Sting and Björk are among his fans. When asked what he would do with any money he makes, he suggested it will go to his mother and aunts, following the Aboriginal tradition of sharing wealth.

In November 2008, he was named ‘Best New Independent Artist’, and his album, Gurrumul, ‘Best Independent Album’ and ‘Best Australian Independent Blues/Roots Album’ at the Jagermeister AIR (Australian Independent Record Labels Association ) Awards held at Melbourne’s Corner Hotel.

In 2009 a portrait of Gurrumul by Guy Maestri won Australia’s major art prize, The Archibald Prize.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Gurrumul_Yunupingu

ARCHIBALD PRIZE 2009 Article

With his extraordinary voice and hauntingly beautiful album, Gurrumul, Indigenous singer Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu has become something of a cultural phenomenon over the last year. Born blind, the gifted musician leads a traditional lifestyle on Elcho Island in Arnhem Land and sings in his native Yolngu language, but his fame is spreading the world. He recently won two coveted ARIA Awards among others and was named NT Australian of the Year for 2008.

Guy Maestri saw Gurrumul live on New Year’s Eve last year and says it was truly, an unforgettable experience. ‘Word had been going around all day and the rumours were true – people really were moved to tears.’ Believing that this ‘inspiring, amazing man’ would be an ideal subject for a portrait, Maestri managed to track Gurrumul down in Darwin with the help of a friend in the music industry only to discover that he was flying to New York the following weekend.

Offered a 40-minute window of opportunity to meet him early one Saturday morning at Sydney airport, Maestri seized it. ‘I was introduced to Gurrumul by Michael Hohnen, his bass player, record producer and close friend, who explained to him about the Archibald and why I wanted to paint him.’ Maestri did lots of sketches and studied Gurrumul’s face intently. ‘More importantly, I got a sense of his presence and this determined the nature of the portrait: quiet and strong. I usually work in a very liberal, gestural way but this time I built up the image quietly and slowly with many glazes in an attempt to capture the beautiful quality of his skin. I worked on it for over a month, mostly while listening to his music. I made sure to read the lyrics and understand the meaning of each song. The whole process became quite an emotional experience.’

Born in Mudgee, NSW in 1974, Maestri completed a Bachelor of Fine Art (Hons) in painting at the National Art School, Darlinghurst in 2003. He has had solo exhibitions at the Tim Olsen Gallery and was a finalist in the 2007 and 2008 Dobell Drawing Prize.

source: http://www.thearchibaldprize.com.au/winners/archibald

Aboriginal singer beats poverty and prejudice to top Australian charts
- The Guardian, Thursday 17 July 2008

A gifted Aboriginal singer who was born blind and brought up in poverty has taken Australia by storm, topping the mainstream music charts and earning plaudits for his “sublime” voice.

Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, 38, from Elcho Island in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, has been hailed as one of the brightest talents ever to emerge from the country’s indigenous population, with his debut solo album reaching number one in the country’s independent music charts and his recent concerts selling out. Critics have heaped praise on the singer and described his voice as having “transcendental beauty”. Sir Elton John, Sting and Björk are among his fans.

Yunupingu’s success is all the more remarkable because he speaks only a few words of English, is said to be acutely shy, and most of his songs are sung in his native language of Yolngu. A mixture of traditional songs and new compositions, they reflect his background growing up in one of the most remote but beautiful parts of the continent.

Largely self-taught, he plays drums, keyboards, guitar and didgeridoo, but it is his clarity of voice that has attracted rave reviews. Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Bruce Elder recalled the first time he heard the young singer. “My immediate response was that here, as far as I was concerned, for the first time was an Aboriginal voice of absolutely transcendental beauty,” he said. Iain Shedden, music critic of The Australian newspaper, said there was “an incredible aura” around Yunupingu, while another music critic, Lou Novachek, described his voice as “sublime”.

Yunupingu’s songs are attracting people who do not normally listen to Aboriginal music and he received standing ovations after two recent performances at the Sydney Opera House.

The singer’s friend Michael Hohnen, who produced his album, acts as Yunupingu’s translator. He said it would be wrong to call the singer an overnight success since he had played for many years with the well-known Yothu Yindi band before forming his own Saltwater Band and then striking out on his own.

Hohnen said his friend was different to other Aboriginal singers because he has no political agenda. Aborigines in Australia remain a disadvantaged minority with high levels of ill-health, unemployment and poverty. “Gurrumul’s not an activist or a social commentator,” said Hohnen. “He just says it’s his role to tell these stories about his culture.”

Yunupingu, who has never learned Braille and does not have a guide dog or use a stick, has told interviewers he has little use for money. Following the Aboriginal tradition of sharing wealth, he said any money he makes goes to his mother and aunts still living on Elcho Island, some 350 miles from Darwin.

source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jul/17/australia.culture

The artist with no eyes.

The painter from turkey who was born blind that Kuen was talking about.

Esref Armagan has no eyes, and has never seen anything in the physical world. Yet he can paint pictures with very high precision for a blind man.

The art gallery respond

On friday the 20/03/09 me and Anthony visit the art gallery of NSW. We had a interview with the lady that is organising the access program. this is the respond that we got from the visit A new exhibition will be open on the 5th of April at 11am which will be for the visual impaired people. This exhibition includes sound. The exhibition for visually impaired people has special system of working. Normally they choose five artworks which they think are interesting and describe them. They also bring different materials that depend on the work they are showing example: marble, textures so they can touch, feel and smell. The NSW Gallery also organises touch tours where they can touch certain scultures in the museum. They normally choose materials like bronze so they have a good visualization about the artwork.Lots of mainsteam schools visit the gallery and many times happens to have a blind student with them so the gallery organise an assistant to join the student. Blind people are very interested in art and they love experiencing this exhibitions. The first exhibition in Sydney for blind people was a year ago.

Brief:

Title of Project: Photo for the Blind: The creation of an art space to promotion creativity for the visually impaired.
Date Due: June 15th, 2009

Outcomes

1.    Develop an understanding of vision impaired people and their access to creative outlets
2.    Find a method to connect full visioned people to the lack of facilities in artistic fields for the vision impaired
3.    Develop and design an innovative method to introduce both the vision impaired and full visioned people to raise funds for creative pathways for the blind
4.    Experiment with and reflect on primary/secondary research to achieve an outcome which will respond to the cultural and economic context of today

Description of Project

Design a campaign that will draw in interest and funding to support/create outlets in which the vision impaired can access facilities to express themselves through artistic forms.
Through collating research gathered through different sources, formulate an environment, marketing campaign, and/or other media types to create awareness. Use the abilities of the member of your group to design an innovative method to produce this campaign.
…

Instructions

1.    Collect research in relation to this project from at least 2 primary resources and multiple secondary resources to formulate the most appropriate method to raise awareness for the vision impaired
2.    Design and present a convincing presentation on a promotional plan in relation to this subject
3.    Create and present any resources required to further provide a clearer picture on the campaign
4.    Create and archive document that collates all this information

Submission

The archive document should be a minimum of 24pp. it is to be delivered both in PDF format and as a printed, bound document to the lecturer/examiners. Prototypes, printed, cut and trimmed should be used to help support the designer’s proposal and presentation.

Concept & Process:
We are required to articulate the design investigation and process via a presentation. The project calls for an innovation and experimental process. It should also outline a comprehension of where the project sits in terms of contemporary design and research methods.

Design:
The evidence of appropriate investigation methods in the design making process is required also elements and principles of design must be utilized effectively to communicate the project.

Technology:
We must utilize all skills and technologies accessable to us to appropriately construct the project.

Resolution:
The final presentation must be clear in resolving all problems outlined by the proposal with consideration to the research and the impact of the project.

Final Presentation:
The presentation has to be clear and professional to adequately produce our findings and campaign concept.

INTERVIEWS

Hi guys + girl. Here are the interviews I conducted over the last few days. Some interesting perspectives…

Matt at the Space Junk Gallery, Sydney.

Tell me a bit about your gallery? What do you usually put on show? Who comes to see it?
The SJ gallery is a small independent studio space dedicated to emerging creative talents. We usually showcase work by local individuals from traditional art, street art, visual, multimedia arts and even music. The local arts and culture community are strong supporters of the gallery.

Do you think people who are vision impaired deserve to experience art like normal people? Why?
Yeah, of course. Everybody needs to be exposed to art one way or another. And you know, just because they have a disability that might prevent them from viewing the piece normally, doesn’t mean they won’t appreciate it. Art is meant to challenge you, to evoke emotion….there are no perimeters.

What do you think would be the difference between these two different audiences?
Obviously the major difference is behind the amount of sight. I think it would be quite interesting, you know, a normal able person may observe the piece and move on, but the less able have to use their imagination a great deal more. They will take into account smells and sounding noises and feelings to try and recreate that image in their own mind. It would be amazing to compare what each person is seeing.

Do you believe there is an existing platform for vision challenged people to create their own art?
Only a very limited platform. There is nothing really that would satisfy a vision impaired audience on a large scale, in Aus anyways. I don’t know why there isn’t…. I mean there are a handful of different charities and things for them, but it would be great to throw a little more fun their way too you know.

What do you believe would be the best way to cater for this special audience?
Make it as exciting and appealing as possible.

What methods / technologies do you think need to be involved?
I guess some sort of audio and / or braille to assist them…. but as I said before, art is meant to challenge, so you it could be anything!

Has the gallery ever been associated or supported disabled arts, or is it possible in the future?
As a very young gallery space, we have yet to support this type of audience, but should the right style of event come along soon, we would be more than interested.

Kate @ FBi radio

Can you give us a quick idea of what FBi is all about?
FBi (Free Broadcast Inc) is a community based radio station in Sydney playing local independent music and supporting local arts and culture. We are a community station so we rely on supporters donations and goodwill to keep us afloat.

How would you describe the current art and culture scene ?
There is so much diversity at the moment making it very very exciting and accessible to a larger audience.

Would you consider disabled peoples such as those who are vision impaired to be a part of that audience?
Yeah, definitely. Why not.

As a very dedicated supporter of local culture events, has FBi ever been involved with those with a disability?
Of course. FBi has sponsored a number of art exhibitions with disabled participants and encouraging people with disabilities to get out and have a look at all these events going on.

Who else do you know that support this market?
Well, there’d be a lot of charities obviously, but also Arts NSW does a bit. Thats all that I know of.

Do you think there is enough arts events out there for the blind and other disabled?
Not really…. well not that I know of. You don’t really hear about it much right? So I guess there might be, but we don’t know where.

Why do you think that is?
Probably because it is not marketed properly or in a way that would appeal to the correct audience. Like, you don’t see ads for those sort of things in street press, or magazines, but they’re hidden on the internet instead. So you need to stick this under peoples noses to get them interested. In terms of the disabled people doing the art, I wouldn’t know a whole lot.

How receptive do you think normal vision able audiences would respond? Will they like it?
I think any type of art / culture that is different, interesting, unique and exciting will appeal to an audience.

Will FBi be supportive of future events made for or featured by this audience?
Definitely. It would be amazing.

Shaun – Volunteer with Disabled Surfers Association

Shaun, tell us about disabled surfers.
Disabled surfers day is an event we hold usually every couple of months, where we invite people with disabilities to come and have some fun in the surf. Then we have a big party afterwards with bands and art and food.

So what is the objectives or goals of disabled surfing?
Helping liberate people living with disabilities as they enjoy themselves.

So what severity of disabilities do these people have?
We have quite a range of age groups and disabilities take part. Some might have cerebral palsy and others might be hearing impaired. We’ve even had one bloke who could barely move on his own. We will give any one with a disability, however large or small a go. There’s no exclusion.

And how many will turn up on the day?
We usually get around 100 people, some of the bigger events we have had over 200 though.

How do you cater for such a sensitive group of people?
A large group of volunteers are there to help for the day, transporting, spotting, teaching, with a minimum of six helpers per participant, with safety always being our first concern. This is surfing safely to suit their conditions, so on their backs, sides, tummies or whatever suits their challenges.

How do the surfers respond to their experiences?
They absolutely love it… they have a real surfing experience which in their wildest dreams, for many of them, would not imagine they’d ever have. Sometimes there will still be some who don’t want to go on a board, but they can go on amphibious wheelchairs to knee-depth in the waves and still get the experience of a beach which they normally don’t. The power the ocean has over everyone who interacts with it is just amazing.

And they enjoy the music and arts afterwards too?
Just as much as the surfing. Its a great day.

Do you believe there is a significant gap between disabled and able bodied people within the culture and arts scene?
No. In the end we are all normal people, its just physical abilities for some that limit that. They can do everything we can do, experience everything we can, but in their own different ways.

Do you think there should be more cultural events – such as disabled surfing day, for this demographic?
Yes, as many as possible. If you see how happy and excited these people are just from playing at the beach, you know more of the same would be a huge benefit to these people.

I understand you are the only disabled surfing group in Australia, how do you stay alive financially?
We receive no funding from the Federal Government and very little from State governments, so we rely on community and corporate donations to keep us going. Generally the day also serves as a fundraiser to help us out too.

What do think of a proposed idea of photography for the blind? Would it work?
Anything that really gets the audience involved and interested will be perfect. This sounds great, could be a very intriguing concept.

The Statement Plan

Hey Guys here is where I am at, Please fill in/ change any details you think of – Information from your interviews are required:

General history

The 1880s saw the introduction of compulsory elementary education for the Blind throughout the United States. Britain followed suit in 1893, by passing the Elementary Education Act. This act ensured that Blind people up to the age of 16 years were entitled to an Elementary-Level Education as well as to Vocational Training.

By this time, reading codes – chiefly Braille – had gained favour among educators of embossed letters proved difficult to learn and cumbersome to use. While some of their methods seem archaic by today’s standards – particularly where their Vocational Training options are concerned – their efforts did pave the way for the education and integration of blind students in the 20th century.

The early 1900s saw a handful of blind students enrolled in their neighbourhood schools, with special educational supports. Most still attended residential institutions, but that number dropped steadily as the years wore on – especially after the white cane was adopted into common use as a mobility tool and symbol of blindness in the 1930s.

In the 2000’s, most blind and visually impaired students now attend their neighbourhood schools, often aided in their educational pursuits by regular teachers of academics and by a team of professionals who train them in alternative skills: Orientation and Mobility (O and M) training – instruction in independent travel – is usually taught by contractors educated in that area, as is Braille.

Blind children may also need special training in understanding spatial concepts, and in self-care, as they are often unable to learn visually and through imitation as other children do. Moreover, home economics and education dealing with anatomy are necessary for children with severe visual impairments.

Since only ten percent of those registered as legally blind have no usable vision, many students are also taught to use their remaining sight to maximum effect, so that some read print (with or without optical aids) and travel without canes.

A combination of necessary training tailored to the unique needs of each student, and solid academics, is going a long way towards producing blind and visually impaired students capable of dealing in the world independently.

Throughout history, the recognition of the abilities of the visually impaired has continued to grow in educating them in relation to survival in this world, but through our research we have recognised that though they have the same availability to education as us, they are not given anvenues to express themselves in art and creativity.

The only opportunity they get to express themselves through creative pathways is if they take it upon themselves, and usually aren’t supported, except by their own skills which raise the funds to support their interest.

Implications of action or inaction/what would happen with or without

Though there is no great effect if they do not receive this ability to express themselves, it is not very equal to allow only certain people to have to allowance to indulge their creative pathways.

Though some will take it upon themselves to break into the creative industries, it would revolutionary to allow creative pathways to everyone.

What can be done?

Hopefully through this exhibition, it would allow people to further understand the abilities of the visually impaired and will then allow funding and interest to be raised and pathways to be offered to further the skills of the visually impaired.

Nominate an opportunity

Photo for the Blind: the creation of an art space to promotion creativity for the visually impaired.

Research

Interviews:

•    Interview: 1
•    Interview: 2
•    Interview: 3
•    Interview: 4

Full Visioned Survey:

From the information take through the surveys, we have found some consistency. Often we found that short answers with no explanation became the responses from some people. Though they where direct, when asked to explain their answers they were unable to.

It also seemed like people where happy to attend and assist in the creation of the exhibit. They would also like to learn more and provide more accessibility to the vision impaired within the design and creative industry. They also have a lack of knowledge about their contributions to society, especially in the area of the vision impaired they have heard of, it was often a select few famous musicians: Andrea Bocelli, Stevie wonder and Jose Feliciano.

We also received some comments where people discounted them from having any creative ability just because they are visually impaired, and even one which confused Bethoven (who is Deaf) as a famous blind person they knew of.

Secondary Research:

Client

Our Client will have to be interested in both the education and forwarding opportunities for the vision impaired, also collaborating creativity avenues for them to do so.

For this reason we felt that for this project to meet its full potential it would have to collaborate the efforts of the vision impaired and the full visioned, therefore combining the efforts of the Art Gallery of NSW (in a volunteer capacity or in fund raising and awareness) through pitching and promoting to their investors from funding in relation to this cause, also … can offer a range of services to assist in the production of this project.

Art Gallery – Co-operate Sponsors:

Steven Lowy, President        Peter Young  ABN AMRO        David Baffsky AO  Accor Asia Pacific
Roger Allen  Allen & Buckeridge        Nigel Williams  ANZ Banking Group     John Symond AM  Aussie Home Loans
Bruce Fink  Bickham Court Group    Michael Ihlein  Brambles        Giam Swiegers  Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
Chum Darvall  Deutsche Bank AG    Glenn Poswell  Ellerston Capital        James Millar  Ernst & Young
Bruce K Cutler  Freehills        Clark Perkins  Goldman Sachs JBWere     Emmanuel Pohl  Hyperion Asset Management
David Gonski AO  Investec        Peter Ivany AM  Ivany Investment Group    Stephen O’Connor  JCDecaux Australia
David Kirk  John Fairfax Holdings     Damian Roche  J.P. Morgan        Chris Jordan AO  KPMG
John C Conde AO  MBF Australia         Bill Wavish  Myer            Paul O’Sullivan  Optus
Mark Johnson  PricewaterhouseCoopers    Alan Joyce  Qantas Airways        Justin Miller  Sotheby’s
Paul Fegan  St.George Bank        Luca Belgiorno-Nettis  Transfield Holdings    Philip Coleman  UBS AG Australia
Sally Herman  Westpac Banking Corporation

Target group and Narrative

Target group

Our target group is broad, as it is focused at attracting a broad scope of people, as do projects which seek to raise awareness often do. But to narrow the age diversity, it would be between the ages of 18-35, where focus at these ages is very much directed at world issues and improving the world around us.
These are often ages where there is more disposable cash and fund raising is a great way to invest back into the world around you. It will also have a great attraction to those involved in creative or artistic fields, and though who are vision impaired.
At these ages they are also interested in investigating and furthering/broadening their minds.

Narrative

Jessica is a high school graduate. She is a 19 years old girl which is vision impaired. While her vision has been lost her sense to feel and touch has been improved. Her interests include arts, specifically sculptures. She finds it difficult in some ways to do everyday normal activities but when she sculptures she feels like she’s everybody else.

Media/why and where

This campaign will mainly be focused on drawing attention to the exhibit by using both new and standard media types to promote the function. It will most probably be focused within more urban/developed areas, such as Sydney city.
The standard media types will consist of regular poster, banner promotions, city exhibition flags, and brochures/flyers, which will replicate the design style of the exhibition.
The New media will consist of some type of 3D gorilla marketing campaign that will require people senses, other than their sight to activate. This will also attract our younger target market and create a buzz within the city.

Strategy

…

The Art Gallery of N.S.W

After getting the interview, me and Sandra desided to have a look around , just to see if there was any other “artists” that feel the same way that we do, or if there any other way that a blind person can express them self’s,,,,

Interview – Art Gallery

Interview questions for the art gallery visually impaired tour guide and if possible visually impaired people who attend the tour.

1. How does the tour work? 
2. How do visually impaired people respond to it?
3. Does the gallery feel that is enough activities?
4. How did the tour start?
5. How do they approach visually impaired people? (invitation? advertisement?)
6. Have they considered doing any other types of exhibitions? (sound?)
7. How often do they get visually impaired people visiting the art gallery?
    

Survey Questions

• First Name:
• Age:
• Gender:
• Occupation:

1. Are you aware that visually impaired design or artwork exists?
2. Do you think a visually impaired person is disadvantaged in creativity?
3. Do you think there is enough awareness of the contributions of the vision impaired in today’s society?
4. Do you think there are limitations of visually impaired people in today’s society?
5. Do you think the visually impaired deserve recognition in the art and design industry?
6. If there was to be an exhibition designed to support the creativity of the vision impaired would you volunteer/support/attend this function?
7. Could you name any famous visually impaired people? Whether they be artists, musicians etc.
8. Do you think visually impaired people can be as creative as full visioned people?
9. Do you know of any visually impaired people? (contacts details if possible for further research)